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Water Level Monitoring
Monitoring water levels in a peatland is essential following
blocking of drains with dams. This gives valuable information
on the effectiveness of drain blocking activity. Usually a series
of dipwells or piezometers are inserted on the peatland so as
to monitor the height of the water table. These can be purchased
or constructed from 52mm internal diameter PVC pipe or 2"
plastic waste pipe. To stop peat filling the tube from the base,
cover the pipe with ladies' tights (or gauze) affixed with tape
or a cap. The top of the well should also be capped. Wells should
be located in parallel transects perpendicular to the drains
and marked using canes so that they are easy to find. Water levels
should be measured monthly using either a plopper (which makes
a particular sound when the water in the tube is reached) or
a specially made dip stick that buzzes when it reaches the water.
Measure the depth of the water in the well. Then subtract the
distance between the top of the dipwell and the ground surface.
This gives the depth of the water table below the surface of
the bog.
Flora and Fauna Monitoring
A useful monitoring technique is to record the wildlife occurring
in a peatland. This needs to be carried out in the long term.
In this way it can provide valuable information about changing
species distributions in response to climate change. Indicator
species might include Sphagnum mosses, amphibians, sundews
or butterflies. All records should be sent to the National Biodiversity
Data Centre in Waterford. Depending on how specific you want
to be it may be necessary to have a professional scientist provide
you with training on how to set up a species monitoring programme
such as setting up a butterfly transect etc. Species monitoring
programmes should be carried out annually on one occasion or
over a number of seasons or weeks.
Vegetation Monitoring
Typical peatland communities contain such species as Sphagnum
mosses, a variety of heathers, bog cotton sedges, moor grass
and sundews. The undulating surface of the bog provides a series
of habitats such as drier cushions or hummocks and damp or wet
hollows or pools in between. The various plant species are suited
to either habitat or can occur in between both. If the variety
of mosses, heathers, lichens and sedges are not present on the
peatland, then it is unlikely that the restoration has been successful.
In order to confirm that the restoration has been successful
regular monitoring of the peatland plant communities will be
necessary.
A peatland is considered to be in a healthy condition if it is actively accumulating peat. Certain plant communities and the locations in which they are found on the peatland are indicative of peat forming conditions. In Ireland this information has been determined through years of research commissioned by the National Parks and Wildlife Service. The work was undertaken by Dr Lara Kelly as part of her Doctoral Thesis in Trinity College Dublin (1995). A field key to help identifiy the raised bog ecotypes present on a raised bogs has been developed by field workers and is available from the National Parks and Wildlife Service, Dublin. The peat forming communities of Irish acid raised bog peatlands include Central and Sub-Central Ecotype classes. Their characteristics are asl follows:
| Ecotype Class | Physical Characteristics | Characteristic Plant Species |
| Central (Active Raised Bog Habitat) |
Bog surface very soft and often quaking. Microtopography usually ranges from pools to tall hummocks (well developed). Pools are frequent to dominant, however, pools do not have to be present for an area classed as Central. Lawns of Sphagnum cuspidatum are typical. All wet vegetation types are present and frequent. |
Sphagnum cuspidatum pools are common. Rhynchospora alba/algal hollows are absent. Cladonia Lichen dominated areas are absent. |
| Sub-Central (Active Raised Bog Habitat) |
Surface soft and sometimes quaking, occasionally hard. Microtopography ranges from Narthecium hollows to hummocks (moderately developed). Generally this ecotype is lawn dominated with ony a few hummocks. The lawns are usually dominated by Sphagnum magellanicum. Sphagnum cuspidatum pools occur occasionally and Rhynchospora alba/Algal hollows are scarce. Wetter vegetation, other than pools is common. |
Sphagnum magellanicum is often common. Sphagnum papillosum occurs in small amounts, although it can also be frequent. Trichophorum scarce. Sphagnum imbricatum is present as a relict from when the sub-central ecotype was central. |
Three other ecotypes found on raised bog peatlands and these are regarded of being indicative of degraded raised bog vegetation. These are face-bank, marginal and sub-marginal. Their characteristics are as follows:
| Ecotype Class | Physical Characteristics | Characteristic Plant Species |
| Face-Bank (Degraded Raised Bog Habitat) |
Water level low, surface very dry and hard. Degraded microtopography with low hummocks, flats, hollows and lawns. No pools or wet habitats. |
Very tall, vigorous Ling Heather (Calluna vulgaris). |
| Marginal (Degraded Raised Bog Habitat) |
Water level low, surface generally hard, soft in spots e.g. Rhynchospora alba hollows. Degraded microtopography, with very little differentiation between hummocks and hollows. Non-algal pools and tall hummocks absent. Hollows can be frequent and these are dominated by Rhynchospora alba/Narthecium ossifragum/Trichophorum cespitosis in tussock form/Algal mats. Pools absent except for tear pools which arise due to shrinkage of the peat mass. |
In lawns Narthecium ossifragum is most dominant, Sphagnum papillosum and Sphagnum capillifolium present in small amounts (not lawns, not big hummocks, but small patches). Trichophorum common in tussock form. Carex panicea typically present (more so in the western raised bogs). In small hummocks Calluna vulgaris, Sphagnum capillifolium, Cladonia portentosa common and burnt/drained plant types. Sphagnum species present in order of decreasing occurrence: S. capillifolium > S. tenellum > S. magellanicum > S. papillosum. |
| Sub-Marginal (Degraded Raised Bog Habitat) |
Surface ranges from hard to soft but not quaking. Most wetter vegetation types are absent except for algal mats/Rhynchospora alba and Narthecium ossifragum hollows which are dominant. |
In lawns Sphagnum papillosum dominant, although absent from some areas. S. magellanicum and S. capillifolium present but not S. cuspidatum. Trichophorum common, but in less tussocky form than in the marginal ecotype. Rhynchospora fusca occurs in hollows and pools. In hummocks Calluna vulgaris, Sphagnum capillifolium, Cladonia portentosa and burnt/drained plant types. |
It may be necessary to have a professional vegetation scientist undertake the survey of peat forming communities on a site and produce a map of their distribution. As a guideline such vegetation surveys should be repeated every 3 to 5 years depending on the resources.
Photographic Monitoring
A very useful technique is to set up a series of photographic
points on a site where digital or print photographs are taken
each year to gauge changes on a site such as: spread of invasive
species, changing vegetation types etc. Points should be chosen
from where photographs of the landscape can be taken without
obstruction. At the photographic point, photographs should be
taken in each direction as appropriate. It may be useful to automatically
include the date on the photograph.
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Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government, Ireland. |
If you have any queries about peatland management please e-mail us. We will be happy to assist you